近年来,深入学习已成功应用于自动化各种诊断组织病理学的任务。然而,小规模地区的快速可靠的本地化(ROI)仍然是一个关键挑战,因为鉴别性形态特征通常只占据一小部分的千兆像素级全幻灯片(WSI)。在本文中,我们提出了一种稀疏的WSI分析方法,用于快速识别WSI级分类的高功率ROI。我们开发由早期分类文献的评估框架,以量化稀疏分析方法的诊断性能和推理时间之间的权衡。我们在病理学中的常见但耗时的任务中测试了我们的方法 - 从内镜活检标本诊断血液杂志和曙红(H&E) - 染色的载玻片上诊断胃肠元(GIM)。 Gim是沿着胃癌发展途径的着名前体病变。我们对我们的方法的性能和推理时间进行了彻底的评估,我们在GIM阳性和GIM负面WSI上的测试集中,发现我们的方法在所有正面WSI中成功地检测到GIM,接收器下的WSI级分类区域操作特性曲线(AUC)为0.98和0.95的平均精度(AP)。此外,我们表明我们的方法可以在标准CPU上达到一分钟内的这些指标。我们的结果适用于开发神经网络的目的,可以轻松地部署在临床环境中,以支持病理学家在快速定位和诊断WSI中的小规模形态特征。
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虽然胸部X射线解释的深度学习模型通常在自动放射学报告贴标程序生成的标签上培训,但还没有系统地研究了报告标签的改进对胸部X射线分类模型的性能的影响。我们首先比较Chexpert,Chexbert和VisualChexbert贴标程序从放射学报告中提取精确的胸X射线图像标签的任务,报告了VisualChexbert标签人优于Chexpert和Chexbert贴标者。接下来,在培训图像分类模型之后,使用不同放射学报告贴标程序的标签在胸部X射线的一个最大数据集之一上,我们表明,VisualChexbert标签器培训的图像分类模型从VisualChexbert贴标程序达到了从标签培训的图像分类模型Chexpert和Chexbert贴标员。我们的工作表明,最近的放射学报告标签的改进可以转化为更高的表演胸部X射线分类模型的发展。
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Large, labeled datasets have driven deep learning methods to achieve expert-level performance on a variety of medical imaging tasks. We present CheXpert, a large dataset that contains 224,316 chest radiographs of 65,240 patients. We design a labeler to automatically detect the presence of 14 observations in radiology reports, capturing uncertainties inherent in radiograph interpretation. We investigate different approaches to using the uncertainty labels for training convolutional neural networks that output the probability of these observations given the available frontal and lateral radiographs. On a validation set of 200 chest radiographic studies which were manually annotated by 3 board-certified radiologists, we find that different uncertainty approaches are useful for different pathologies. We then evaluate our best model on a test set composed of 500 chest radiographic studies annotated by a consensus of 5 board-certified radiologists, and compare the performance of our model to that of 3 additional radiologists in the detection of 5 selected pathologies. On Cardiomegaly, Edema, and Pleural Effusion, the model ROC and PR curves lie above all 3 radiologist operating points. We release the dataset to the public as a standard benchmark to evaluate performance of chest radiograph interpretation models. 1
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Extractive reading comprehension systems can often locate the correct answer to a question in a context document, but they also tend to make unreliable guesses on questions for which the correct answer is not stated in the context. Existing datasets either focus exclusively on answerable questions, or use automatically generated unanswerable questions that are easy to identify. To address these weaknesses, we present SQuAD 2.0, the latest version of the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD). SQuAD 2.0 combines existing SQuAD data with over 50,000 unanswerable questions written adversarially by crowdworkers to look similar to answerable ones. To do well on SQuAD 2.0, systems must not only answer questions when possible, but also determine when no answer is supported by the paragraph and abstain from answering. SQuAD 2.0 is a challenging natural language understanding task for existing models: a strong neural system that gets 86% F1 on SQuAD 1.1 achieves only 66% F1 on SQuAD 2.0.
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We present the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD), a new reading comprehension dataset consisting of 100,000+ questions posed by crowdworkers on a set of Wikipedia articles, where the answer to each question is a segment of text from the corresponding reading passage. We analyze the dataset to understand the types of reasoning required to answer the questions, leaning heavily on dependency and constituency trees. We build a strong logistic regression model, which achieves an F1 score of 51.0%, a significant improvement over a simple baseline (20%). However, human performance (86.8%) is much higher, indicating that the dataset presents a good challenge problem for future research. The dataset is freely available at https://stanford-qa.com.
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Chest X-ray (CXR) datasets hosted on Kaggle, though useful from a data science competition standpoint, have limited utility in clinical use because of their narrow focus on diagnosing one specific disease. In real-world clinical use, multiple diseases need to be considered since they can co-exist in the same patient. In this work, we demonstrate how federated learning (FL) can be used to make these toy CXR datasets from Kaggle clinically useful. Specifically, we train a single FL classification model (`global`) using two separate CXR datasets -- one annotated for presence of pneumonia and the other for presence of pneumothorax (two common and life-threatening conditions) -- capable of diagnosing both. We compare the performance of the global FL model with models trained separately on both datasets (`baseline`) for two different model architectures. On a standard, naive 3-layer CNN architecture, the global FL model achieved AUROC of 0.84 and 0.81 for pneumonia and pneumothorax, respectively, compared to 0.85 and 0.82, respectively, for both baseline models (p>0.05). Similarly, on a pretrained DenseNet121 architecture, the global FL model achieved AUROC of 0.88 and 0.91 for pneumonia and pneumothorax, respectively, compared to 0.89 and 0.91, respectively, for both baseline models (p>0.05). Our results suggest that FL can be used to create global `meta` models to make toy datasets from Kaggle clinically useful, a step forward towards bridging the gap from bench to bedside.
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不断增加的材料科学文章使得很难从已发表的文献中推断化学结构 - 培训关系。我们使用自然语言处理(NLP)方法从聚合物文献的摘要中自动提取材料属性数据。作为我们管道的组成部分,我们使用240万材料科学摘要培训了一种语言模型的材料,该材料模型在用作文本编码器时,在五分之三命名实体识别数据集中的其他基线模型都优于其他基线模型。使用此管道,我们在60小时内从约130,000个摘要中获得了约300,000个物质记录。分析了提取的数据,分析了各种应用,例如燃料电池,超级电容器和聚合物太阳能电池,以恢复非平凡的见解。通过我们的管道提取的数据可通过https://polymerscholar.org的Web平台提供,该数据可方便地定位摘要中记录的材料属性数据。这项工作证明了自动管道的可行性,该管道从已发布的文献开始,并以一组完整的提取物质属性信息结束。
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在具有可再生生成的大量份额的网格中,由于负载和发电的波动性增加,运营商将需要其他工具来评估运营风险。正向不确定性传播问题的计算要求必须解决众多安全受限的经济调度(SCED)优化,是这种实时风险评估的主要障碍。本文提出了一个即时风险评估学习框架(Jitralf)作为替代方案。 Jitralf训练风险代理,每天每小时一个,使用机器学习(ML)来预测估计风险所需的数量,而无需明确解决SCED问题。这大大减轻了正向不确定性传播的计算负担,并允许快速,实时的风险估计。本文还提出了一种新颖的,不对称的损失函数,并表明使用不对称损失训练的模型的性能优于使用对称损耗函数的模型。在法国传输系统上评估了Jitralf,以评估运营储量不足的风险,减轻负载的风险和预期的运营成本。
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传入/传出车辆的记录是根本原因分析的关键信息,以打击各种敏感组织中的安全违规事件。 RFID标记会阻碍物流和技术方面的车辆跟踪解决方案的可扩展性。例如,要求标记为RFID的每个传入车辆(部门或私人)是严重的限制,并且与RFID一起检测异常车辆运动的视频分析是不平凡的。我们利用公开可用的计算机视觉算法实现,使用有限状态机形式主义开发可解释的车辆跟踪算法。国家机器将用于状态转换的级联对象检测和光学特征识别(OCR)模型中的输入。我们从系统部署站点中评估了75个285辆车的视频片段中提出的方法。我们观察到检测率受速度和车辆类型的影响最大。当车辆运动仅限于在检查点类似于RFID标记的检查点时,将达到最高的检测率。我们进一步分析了700个对Live DATA的车辆跟踪预测,并确定大多数车辆数量预测误差是由于无法辨认的文本,图像布鲁尔,文本遮挡,文本遮挡和vecab外字母引起的。为了进行系统部署和性能增强,我们希望我们正在进行的系统监控能够提供证据,以在安全检查点上建立更高的车辆通知SOP,并将已部署的计算机视觉模型和状态模型的微调驱动为建立拟议的方法作为RFID标记的有希望的替代方法。
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产量估计是葡萄园管理中的强大工具,因为它允许种植者微调实践以优化产量和质量。但是,目前使用手动抽样进行估计,这是耗时和不精确的。这项研究表明,近端成像的应用与深度学习相结合,以进行葡萄园中的产量估计。使用车辆安装的传感套件进行连续数据收集,并使用商业收益率监控器在收获时结合了地面真实收益数据的收集,可以生成一个23,581个收益点和107,933张图像的大数据集。此外,这项研究是在机械管理的商业葡萄园中进行的,代表了一个充满挑战的图像分析环境,但在加利福尼亚中央山谷中的一组常见条件。测试了三个模型架构:对象检测,CNN回归和变压器模型。对象检测模型在手工标记的图像上进行了训练以定位葡萄束,并将束数量或像素区域求和以与葡萄产量相关。相反,回归模型端到端训练,以预测图像数据中的葡萄产量,而无需手动标记。结果表明,在代表性的保留数据集上,具有相当的绝对百分比误差为18%和18.5%的变压器和具有像素区域处理的对象检测模型。使用显着映射来证明CNN模型的注意力位于葡萄束的预测位置附近以及葡萄树冠的顶部。总体而言,该研究表明,近端成像和深度学习对于大规模预测葡萄群的适用性。此外,端到端建模方法能够与对象检测方法相当地执行,同时消除了手工标记的需求。
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